A hypothesis is advanced to stimulate scientific research and clinical innovation defining and differentiating the disorders, positing that they may represent a continuum paralleling the classic conceptualization of the stress response, with dissociation potentially involved in each disorder.įour decades after complex posttraumatic stress disorder (cPTSD) was first defined and proposed as an alternative diagnosis to borderline personality disorder (BPD) for conceptualizing and treating the symptoms of adults who had suffered prolonged and severe interpersonal trauma,, the validity and utility of cPTSD continues to be debated by mental health researchers however, it is accepted by many clinical practitioners who view it as a less stigmatizing and possibly more accurate diagnosis than BPD. The evidence suggests that PTSD, cPTSD, and BPD are potentially comorbid but distinct syndromes. This review summarizes recent empirical findings regarding BPD, PTSD, and cPTSD in terms of: (1) prevalence and comorbidity (2) clinical phenomenology (3) traumatic antecedents (4) psychobiology (5) emotion dysregulation (6) dissociation and (7) empirically supported approaches to clinical assessment and psychotherapeutic treatment. A newly validated Developmental Trauma Disorder (DTD) syndrome for children and adolescents provides a basis for systematic research on the developmental course and origins of adult cPTSD and BPD. The circumscribed formulation of adult cPTSD that has been developed, validated, and included in the 11th Edition of the International Classification of Diseases has spurred research aimed at differentiating cPTSD and BPD both descriptively and empirically. Recent research is reviewed that extends and clarifies the still nascent understanding of the relationship between cPTSD and BPD. Peer support groups.This article builds on a previous review (Ford and Courtois, Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 1:9, 2014) which concluded that complex posttraumatic stress disorder (cPTSD) could not be conceptualized as a sub-type of either PTSD or BPD. PTSD symptom reduction with mindfulness-based stretching and deep breathing exercise: Randomized controlled clinical trial of efficacy. Post-traumatic stress disorder: Theory and treatment update. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders: An update on the empirical evidence. Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in combat veterans: Focus on antidepressants and atypical antipsychotic agents. Complex posttraumatic stress disorder: The need to consolidate a distinct clinical syndrome or to reevaluate features of psychiatric disorders following interpersonal trauma?. Giourou E, Skokou M, Andrew SP, Alexopoulou K, Gourzis P, Jelastopulu E. Prior substance abuse and related treatment history reported by recent victims of sexual assault. Resnick HS, Walsh K, Schumacher JA, Kilpatrick DG, Acierno R. PTSD's risky behavior criterion: Relation with DSM-5 PTSD symptom clusters and psychopathology. Posttraumatic stress disorder in adults: Impact, comorbidity, risk factors, and treatment. The dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among adolescents: Co-occurring PTSD, depersonalization/derealization, and other dissociation symptoms. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition.Ĭhoi KR, Seng JS, Briggs EC, et al. How common is PTSD in adults?.Īmerican Psychiatric Association.
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